IPV 64.1 # UNDERSTAND AND EXPLAINED OF IPV6 WITH EXAMPLE
It basis of IPv6 is similar to IPv4 and the nature solution is to increase the address space. The 128 bit long addresses were selected despite more aggressive proposals put forward during the development of IPv6.
One might find 2128 or 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,770,000,000 addresses to be excessive. A system using a 64 bit CPU, bus or memory structure can process both the source address (SA) and destination address (DA) in one pass; whereas for IPv6 addresses, the requires four passes.
The IPv6 have written in hexadecimal means 0 – 9, A – F, where are first 6 bit for different type of network and last 64 bit for host and also divided into eight group = 16 bits block
Each block is then converted into 4 digit hexadecimal numbers separated by colon (:) symbol
Convert2001: 0000: 3238: DFE1: 0063: 0000b: 0000: FEFB Two additional rules were introduced to further optimize the IPv6 address representation:
• The elimination of leading 0s: Within each group of 16 bits between two colons, the leading 0s can be eliminated. This means that you can write, :00A1: as : A1
• The elimination of consecutive 0s: You can collapse consecutive all 0 groups of 16 bits between consecutive colons. In this case, 0000:0000:0000: becomes ::
Figure: IPv6 address representation
o IPv6 doesn’t specify interoperability features with IPv4.
o Exchanging traffic between the two networks required translator gateway.
o Transition mechanisms like NAT64.
o Dual stack, Tunneling protocols like 6 to 4, 6 in 4, Teredo and etc.
# Why
IPv4 had designed in early 80’s and so far, IPv4 has proven itself as a robust routable addressing protocol served human being for decades because shortage of IPv4 address.
o Temporary solution: Classes of IP address, Subnetting and VLSM, NAT/PAT
o Permanent solution: IPv6
# Types
Three types of IPv6 addresses have been defined:
• Unicast (site local / one – to - one): Identifies a single node and traffic destined to a unicast address is forwarded to a single node.
a) Global address: It is similar to public IP addresses as like IPv4 and start with 2 or 3.
b) Link local address: It is similar to APIPA IP addresses as like IPv4 and start with FE80.
c) Unicast local address: It is similar to private IP addresses as like IPv4 and start with FD00.
• Multicast: Identifies a group of nodes and traffic destined to a multicast address is forwarded to the entire node in a group. It is similar to multicast address as like IPv4 (224.0.0.0 – 239.255.x.x) and start with FF00
• Anycast: Identifies a group of nodes and traffic destined to an anycast address is forwarded to the nearest node in the group.
4.2 # UNDERSTAND AND EXPLAINED THE SUBNETTING OF IPV6 WITH EXAMPLE
Create like local IPv6 address from configured IPv4 addresses.
| 64 Bits | 32 Bits | 32 Bits |
| Global/Local unicast prefix | 0000:5EEE | IPv4 address |
# IPv6 addressing:
So 128 bits is reduced down to 32 hex digits
2001 : DC0 : A910 --------------> Nibbles
1010 | 1001 | 0001 | 0000
Hexadecimal value of eight 16 bits field x : x : x : x : x : x : x : x {x equal to 16 bits i.e A2EF }
# Structure in image
# IPv6 addresses management hierarchy:
# Address without network prefix:
1. Lookup address ::1/128
2. Unspecified address ::/128
3. IPv4 mapped IPv6 address ::ffff/96 [a.b.c.d]
4. IPv4 compatible IPv6 address ::/96 [a.b.c.d]
# Reserved IPv6 address ranges:
1. ARNIC 2600:0000::/12
2. Afri NIC 2C00:0000::/12
3. LACNIC 2800:0000::/12
4. Ripe NCC 2A00:0000::/12
6 to 4 addresses:
2002::/16 {Design for a special tunneling mechanism (RFC 3056) to connect IPv6 domain via IPv4 clouds. Need 6 to 4 relay router in ISP network.
Documentation prefix:
Two address ranges are reserved for example and documentation purpose by RFC 3849
For example, use 3fff:ffff::/32
For documentation, use 2001:0DB8::/32
# IPv6 addressingEUI-64
The address is now in EUI-64 form. We change the “universal/local” bit (7 bit from the left) from a zero to a one. This gives us the modified EUI-64 interface ID. In the remaining 16 bits in the middle of the interface ID, we put the value “11111111 – 11111110” (FF – FE)
# Invented Structure of IPv6:
| Stateless protocol | Statefull protocol |
| When stateless protocol is used between the server and client, the server doesn’t remember anything. It treats any message from a client(as a client), first message and responds with the same effects every-time i.e UDP, HTTP, NFS | When statefull protocol is used between the server and client, it mean the server remembers what a client has done before. So, for example, if client says “hello” and the server says “hello” back. Then, the client say “hello” again and the server say “what?”. The server knows the client has said “hello” before and changes it answer event it hears the same things from the client. i.e SMB, FTP,Telnet |
4.2 # UNDERSTAND AND EXPLAINED THE SUBNETTING OF IPV6
Q: Explain in Subnetting 2000 : ACAD : 1234 : 6600 :: /56
Sol:
| Global | Subnet id | Interface id |
| 48 bits | 16 bits | 64 bits |
=> 2000 : ACAD : 1234 : 6600 :: /56
=> 2000 : ACAD : 1234 : 0110 0110/56 0000 0000
First four subnets
=> 2000 : ACAD : 1234 : 0110 0110/56 0000 0000 = 2000 : ACAD : 1234 : 6600/64
=> 2000 : ACAD : 1234 : 0110 0110/56 0000 0001 = 2000 : ACAD : 1234 : 6601/64
=> 2000 : ACAD : 1234 : 0110 0110/56 0000 0010 = 2000 : ACAD : 1234 : 6602/64
=> 2000 : ACAD : 1234 : 0110 0110/56 0000 0011 = 2000 : ACAD : 1234 : 6603/64
Last two subnets
=> 2000 : ACAD : 1234 : 0110 0110/56 1111 1111 = 2000 : ACAD : 1234 : 66FF/64
=> 2000 : ACAD : 1234 : 0110 0110/56 1111 1110 = 2000 : ACAD : 1234 : 66FE/64
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