DIT | Network Cable & Ethernet

April 02, 2022
CAT & ETHERNET
6.1   # WHAT IS THE FUNCTIONALITY OF NETWORKING CABLE

Different cable may be more or less easy to handle and certain type of cable may be better suitable to the location. Obviously, difficult installation also has an impact on cast. Networking cables are networking hardware used to connect one network device to other network devices or to connect two or more computers to share devices such as switch or router.
MDI-X, or Medium-Dependent Interface Crossover, is a type of Ethernet port connection that uses twisted-pair cabling to link two networked devices. It's a crossover version of the MDI (Medium Dependent Interface) port, which is typically used on a PC's Network Interface Card (NIC). Inother word, The MDI interface to copper cable is always a media interface. The MII interface is always a MAC interface which is typically connected to an Ethernet MAC device. The RGMII interface can be either a MAC interface or a media interface.

# TYPES

Parallel cable: It is connected with dissimilar devices. Cable is used in the following circumstances: -

  • From a host to hub (MDI – MDIX)
  • From a host to switch (MDI – MDIX)
  • From a hub to router (MDI – MDIX)
  • From a router to switch (MDI – MDIX)

Coding

                Org/wt. Org        Brn/wt. Grn        Grn/wt. Blue        Blue/wt. Brn (Both end)

Crossover cable: It is connected with similar devices. Cable is used in the following circumstances: -

  • From a host to host (MDI – MDI)
  • From a hub to hub (MDIX – MDIX)
  • From a switch to switch (MDIX – MDIX)
  • From a router to router (MDIX – MDIX)
Note: MDI (Medium Dependent Interface) & MDIX (Medium Dependent Interface Crossover)

Coding

                     1             2                      3         4                         5         6                     7        8

                Org/wt. Org        Grn/wt. Blue        Blue/wt. Grn        Brn/wt. Brn (1st connector)



Two create a crossover cable, the transmit pins must be swapped with the receive pins on one end of the cable.      a)     Pins 1 and 3     b)     Pins 2 and 6

Grn/wt. Grn        Org/wt. Blue        Blue/wt. Org        Brn/wt. Brn (2nd connector)


Note that orange and green pins have been swapped on connector 2. The first connector is using the TIA/EIA – 568B standard, while the second connector is using the TIA/EIA – 568A standard.

Straight cable: It is connected to similar and dissimilar devices because it works for cross cable as well as parallel cable and somebody is known as international coding.

Coding

                     1             2                      3         4                         5         6                     7        8

                Org/wt. Org        Grn/wt. Blue        Blue/wt. Grn        Brn/wt. Brn (Both connector)


Further the categories of wire are as follows:-
a) Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) is a pair of installation copper wires twisted about each other from a shielded twisted pair.
b) Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) is one or more twisted pair within a protected plastic sheath from a unshielded twisted pair.
Type Max. Distance Speed standard Usage
CAT 1 N/A 1 Mbps Telephone and modem lines
CAT 2 N/A 4 Mbps LocalTalk & Telephone
CAT 3 30 Meter 10 Mbps 10BaseT Ethernet
CAT 4 50 Meter 16 Mbps Token Ring
CAT 5 100 Meter 100 Mbps 100BaseT Ethernet
CAT 5e 100 Meter 1 Gbps 100BaseT Ethernet,Residential homes
CAT 6 100 Meter 1 Gbps Gigabit Ethernet, commercial buildings
CAT 6e 100 Meter 10 Gbps Gigabit Ethernet in data centers
CAT 7 100 Meter 10 Gbps 10 Gbps Core Infrastructure
CAT 8.1 37 Meter 25 Gbps 25 Gbps Core Infrastructure
CAT 8.2 37 Meter 40 Gbps 40 Gbps Core Infrastructure

Coaxial cable: It is made of two conductors that share the same axis. At the center of the cable is a single or standard-core copper wire encased in insulating plastic foam. The foam is surrounded by the second conductor and a wire mash tube (same include conductive foil wrap) in which also service as shielding. A tough insulating plastic tube forms to cover of the cable.

Further two type of coaxial cable: -

a) Thicknet cable (10 Base 5) is uses RG – 8 standard cable. This has used mostly for network backbone as it support long cable runs (Upto 500 m / 1640 ft)

b) Thinnet cable (10 Base 2) is uses RG – 58 cables, while more flexible and easier to install than thicknet. It doesn’t support long cable runs (Upto 185 m/ 610 ft).

c) Rollover cable: It is a type of null-moden cable that is often used to connect a computer terminal to a router’s or switch’s console port. This console are used for the configuration of router or switch and also known as Yost cable.

d) Serial cable: It is a cable used to transfer information between two devices using a serial communication protocol. The form of connecters depends on the particular serial port used. A cable wired for connecting two DTES directly is known as a null modem cable.

        i) DTE means Data Terminal Equipment
        ii) DCE means Data Communication Equipment

While coax and twisted-pair cabling carry electronic signals, fiber optics uses light to transmit a signal. Ethernet support two fiber specifications: -

Single-mode fiber – It consists of a very small glass core, allowing only a single ray or mode of light to travel across it. And also support high bandwidth over very long distances, often measured in kilometers.

Multi-mode fiber – It consists of a large core, allowing multi-mode of light to travel it. Multi-mode suffers from greater dispersion than single-mode resulting in shorter supported distances.

Note: Single-mode fiber requires more precise electronics than multi-mode and thus is significantly more expensive. Multi-mode fiber is often used for high-speed connectivity within a datacenter.


6.2   # HOW TO PRODUCES ETHE THERNET FRAMES ?

An Ethernet frame contains the following fields: -
Field Length Description
Preamble 7 Bytes Synchronize communication
Start of frame 1 Bytes Singles the start of a valid frame
MAC destination 6 Bytes Destination MAC address
MAC source 6 Bytes Source MAC address
802.1Q tag 4 Bytes Optional VLAN tag
Length 2 Bytes Payload type/ Frame size
Payload 42 - 1500 Bytes Data payload
CRC 4 Bytes Frame error check
Inter-frame gap 12 Bytes Required idle period between frames


What is the Ethernet technology?

It is the family of technologies that provides data – link and physical specification for controlling access to a shared network medium. It was originally developed by Xerox in the 1970 and operated by 2.94 Mbps.
Ethernet has several benefits over other LAN technologies: -

Simple to install and manage ; Inexpensive ; Flexible and scalable ; Easy to interoperate between vendors.

Categories of Ethernet: -
Major categories of Ethernet have also been organized by their speed.

I) Ethernet (10 Mbps) –
Physical standard Cable types Maximum speed Maximum cable Length IEEE standard
10 Base 2 Thinnet 10 Mbps 185 Meters 802.3a
10 Base 5 Thicknet 10 Mbps 500 Meters 802.3
10 Base T Twisted – Pair 10 Mbps 200 Meters 802.3i
10 Base F Fiber 10 Mbps 2000 Meters 802.3i

II) Ethernet (100 Mbps) –
Physical standard Cable types Maximum speed Maximum cable Length IEEE standard
100 Base TX Twisted – Pair 100 Mbps 100 Meters 802.3u
100 Base T4 Twisted – Pair 100 Mbps 100 Meters 802.3u
100 Base FX Multi-mode fiber 100 Mbps 400 – 2000 Meters 802.3u
100 Base SX Multi-mode fiber 100 Mbps 500 Meters 802.3u

III) Gigabit Ethernet (1000 Mbps) –
Physical standard Cable types Maximum speed Maximum cable Length IEEE standard
1000 Base T Twisted – Pair 1 Gbps 100 Meters 802.3ab
1000 Base FX Multi-mode fiber 1 Gbps 500 Meters 802.3z
1000 Base LX Multi-mode fiber 1 Gbps 500 Meters 802.3z

III) Gigabit Ethernet (10,000 Mbps) –
Physical standard Cable types Maximum speed Maximum cable Length IEEE standard
10G base T Twisted – Pair 10 Gbps 100 Meters 802.3ab
10G base SR Multi-mode fiber 10 Gbps 300 Meters 802.3ae
10G Base LR Single-mode fiber 10 Gbps Several km 802.3ae

Note: The physical standards for Ethernet are often labeled by their transmission rate, signaling type and media type. For example, 100 Base T represented the following: -

I)                    The first part (100) represents the transmission rate in Mbps.

II)                 The second part (Base) represents that it is a baseband transmission.

III)               The third part (T) represents the physical media type (Twisted-pair). And the color is dictated by the cabling standard – TIA/EIA-568B.



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